Costume Xpress

Colonial Girl Pioneer

Colonial Girl Pioneer

Is Aggressive Behaviour Biologically or Environmentally Based?

Is Aggressive Behavior Biologically or Environmentally based? By Daena V. De Souza

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The nature versus nurture topic has been an unremitting debate for various aspects of human behavior including aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior is any behavior exhibited verbally or physically with the intention to destroy property or to injure or infuriate another person. There are studies supporting the source of aggression to be innate, indicating links between behavior and biochemical activities, while other studies have considered environmental and societal factors as influences on behavior.

The founder of behaviorism John B. Watson argued that the conditioned response was viewed as the smallest unit of behavior, from which more complicated behavior could be created. Evidence supporting aggression as a learned behavior comes from studies of behavior in experimental and natural settings, social learning theory and the effect of cultural and social variables.

Biological theories propose that aggression may have a chemical, hormonal or genetic component. Scientists have explored various possibilities of behavior. Some of the most compelling evidence comes from genetics, serotonin research and the influence of hormones on aggression.

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the existing theories and research findings that support both the nativist view and the empiricist view and to reveal the relationship between biology and the environment in determining behavior.

Aggression is learned

2.1 Studies of behavior.

Controlled studies of behavior in experimental settings have demonstrated that aggressive behavior is similar to other operant behavior because it is influenced by rewards and punishment. We can use the example of the rat in the “skinner box” to demonstrate the effect of operant conditioning in experimental settings. When the rat presses the bar, it is rewarded with a food pellet. The food is the reward which reinforces the action that leads to the rat pressing the bar again in order to obtain another reward. This concept can be applied in the natural setting. If you give a child a toy to stop him or her from exhibiting temper tantrums, the toy will reinforce that behavior. Children then learn that aggression can enable them to control resources such as toys and gain parental attention. If after behaving aggressively, a subject receives positive reinforcement, they are likely to repeat the behavior in order to gain more rewards. This is a form of operant conditioning where the positive reinforcement encourages further display of aggression, concluding that aggression is learned through reinforcement.

2.2 Social learning theory.

Bandura, (1977), pioneered the social learning theory which emphasized the role of learning by observation of behavior. Bandura disputed that social imitation rather than Skinner’s model of reinforcement was responsible for aggressive behavior, implying that aggression is imitated rather than learned through conditioning. Research such as the Bobo Doll study (Bandura) has shown that aggression can be learnt through imitation. Children learn aggression by imitating adult actions from live experiences or from viewing violence through the media. Bandura concluded that viewing aggression increases the likelihood of the viewer acting aggressively. By demonstrating aggression one can unknowingly encourage aggression in suggestible children. They can learn that aggressive behavior is common and acceptable and can be used to solve problems, attain needs, influence another person or even make them a hero. The media portray the violent model as a hero who is rewarded. Children by imitation learn how to be violent and this behavior is reinforced by learning the “rewards” of violence.

2.3 Aggression is influenced by cultural and social factors.

Cohen and Nisbett (1994) attributed the existence of regional subcultural differences in aggression in the United States to different local norms for aggressive behavior. Society plays a fundamental role in influencing behavior. Poverty and crime has become an intrinsic part of society; which unfortunately molds the behavior of people through imitation and reinforcement. The residents of a high crime area such as Laventille, Trinidad form a social order where their lifestyle reinforces criminal activity as a means for survival. Members of this society know who the criminals are and do not report them. When residents of these communities commit crimes or aggressive acts such as robberies, their actions are reinforced when they escape the law and obtain positive reinforcement such as material possessions. The children in these communities learn aggression through social imitation. They also become desensitized towards aggression and view it as common and acceptable behavior in their community.

Aggressive behavior can also be a function of national culture. Residents of some countries show a more pervasive tendency to think of violence as means of solving problems than persons living in other nations (Archer & McDaniel, 1995). In some cultures, ones religious view is expressed aggressively with the subject sacrificing his or her life (in some cases risking the lives of others) for the sake of their god. In other cultures, aggressive behavior is influenced by sports. American football, Wrestling, Ice Hockey and Boxing promotes behavior that is intended to physically injure another person. I am by no means diminishing the sport to a mere exhibition of rough play but simply stating that some sports disguise aggressive behavior as part of the art.

Biological Perspectives

3.1 Electrical stimulations

Electrical stimulations and lesion in specific parts of the hypothalamus can influence one’s tendency to behave aggressively (Moyer, 1976). When a cat’s hypothalamus is stimulated using implanted electrodes, the animal hisses and would strike at any object that is placed in its cage. However, electrical stimulation of a different area of the hypothalamus causes the cat to act in a different way. Similarly, a laboratory rat bred in isolation from other rats and has never seen the aggressive behavior of a wild rat can live in harmony with a mouse. However, when the hypothalamus is electrically stimulated, the rat will attack and kill the mouse by using a similar technique that its untamed kin uses. By injecting the rat with a neurochemical blocker in the same area of the hypothalamus that was previously stimulated, the rat then becomes temporarily peaceful. These responses provide proof that animals have an innate aggressive drive that can become active or inactive with the right stimulus.

3.2 Neurotransmitters and behavior.

A neurotransmitter is a chemical that diffuses across the synaptic gap and stimulates the next neuron. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine are three of the most common chemicals found in the brain and are associated with aggressive behavior.

Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is produced in the brain from an amino acid tryptophan and is involved in inhibiting impulsive responses to frustration such as aggression. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme that controls the rate of synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. It can limit the production of serotonin since it is the only catalyst in the reaction producing serotonin. Therefore, serotonergic activity is linked to the deficiency of TPH. Serotonergic activity can be determined by measuring the levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid. Individuals who exhibit abnormal low levels of serotonin are said to suffer from serotonin depletion and were found to be more violent or impulsive than those who had normal serotonergic activity. Studies done by Linnoila and colleagues (1983) have found that men imprisoned for violent crimes have lower levels of serotonin than nonimpulsive violent offenders. Decreased serotonergic activity may produce some symptoms such as irrational behavior, anger, and obsessive worry; which can be treated by drugs such as Prozac. Prozac is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that manipulates serotonin levels. It inhibits the reuptake of serotonin into the neurons, enabling serotonin to remain active in the synapse for a longer period of time and therefore controls impulsive behavior.

Dopamine is used to regulate emotion and is also converted to norepinephrine which is affected by stress and moods in the brain. The release of norepinephrine and dopamine can be stimulated by the drugs classified as amphetamine. Prolonged use of amphetamines can result in hallucinations, paranoia and violent behavior. Scientist suggests that schizophrenia results from excess dopamine activity in certain brain regions or as a result from an abnormal sensitivity to dopamine. Evidence supporting this claim comes from the antipsychotic drugs which reduce psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia by blocking brain receptors from dopamine.

3.3 The influence of hormones on aggression.

The male sex hormone testosterone is associated with aggressive behavior in both humans and animals. Testosterone contributes to antisocial behavior in some women especially during the premenstrual period. The imbalance of the estrogen-progesterone ratio during the premenstrual period triggers both physical and psychological impairments such as changes in mood, depression, irritability and aggression. These elevated levels of aggression and irritability is associated with the hormone testosterone. Research has found that a significant number of females imprisoned for aggressive criminal acts were found to have committed their crimes during the premenstrual phase, and female offenders were found to be more irritable and aggressive during this period. Reinisch (1981) found that girls whose mothers were treated with a hormone similar to testosterone while pregnant grow up to be more aggressive than comparable control subjects. Research done by Olweus (1988) has also shown that adolescent boys who have more testosterone behave more aggressively when provoked. To control aggressive behavior in stallions, horse owners usually remove the testes of males that will not be used for breeding. All these studies have provided a link between testosterone and aggressive behavior.

3.4 The frustration-aggression hypothesis

Aggression, according to the drive theory, is created by some innate human need. The frustration-aggression hypothesis assumes that whenever a person is inhibited from reaching their goal an aggressive drive is induced that motivates behavior that causes the person to injure the person or object that is causing the frustration. This basic drive is like behavioral units of ability that are switched on or off as an appropriate challenge or task presents itself. In animals, this drive tells them when to migrate, when and how to court one another, when to feed their young, and so on. Animals like humans know what to do instinctively. For instance, if a person is being attacked by someone, their initial response may be to retaliate; frustration stimulates an inner drive that leads the victims to respond aggressively. This aggressive instinct or drive is what has allowed human beings to survive and protect their interest. Even though aggression is not a guaranteed response to frustration, it is certainly a frequent one. Laboratory studies have shown that animals behave aggressively in response to stressful situations. Caged animals respond aggressively to each other when they are shocked and the behavior then stops when the shocking has ended.

3.5 Psychoanalytic theory

Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, asserts that human behavior is motivated by sexual and instinctive drives. When expressions of these instincts are repressed, these urges are displayed as aggression. Examples of expression of aggression are explained by Freud in his studies of childhood aggression and the Oedipal complex. A young boy begins to develop an intense sexual desire for his mother because she is the ultimate provider of love and food. The desire for his mother causes the boy to reject and display aggression toward his father because he views his father as a competitive rival for his mother’s affection. The boy later recognizes his father’s superiority and learns to reject his mother as a love object and eventually identifies with his father. The Oedipal complex relates to childhood aggression in girls. The theory is similar, in which the girl develops penis envy while trying to relate to her father and rejects her mother. The girl eventually realizes that her father is an inappropriate love object and identifies with her mother instead. These examples reveal the idea that aggression is an innate personality characteristic in all humans which is motivated by sexual drives.

3.6 Genetic contributions.

Behavior genetics combines the methods of genetics and psychology to study the inheritance of behavioral characteristics. Genes are the basic unit of heredity that determines the traits of human characteristics ranging from intelligence to height to emotionality. Selective breeding and twin and adoption studies have provided evidence for an association between genetic makeup and behavior. Selective breeding studies the inheritance of particular traits in animals. A study done on the inheritance of learning ability in rats provided evidence that intelligence is hereditary (Thompson, 1954). Rats that did poorly in learning to run the maze were mated with similar dull rats and those that did well (bright rats) were mated with other bright rats. After a few rodent generations, bright and dull strains of rats were produced. It is complicated to perform selective breeding studies on humans; however similarity in biological traits can be shown using twin and adoptive studies. In most studies of twins, the degree of consistency between the criminality of identical twins is approximately twice that of fraternal twins. In adoptive studies most cases reveal that criminality of the biological parent is a better predictor of the child’s criminal involvement than the criminality of the adoptive parents. Research has shown that there is a hereditary predisposition for schizophrenia, since the risk of developing the illness is higher if an individual is genetically related to a schizophrenic person. In all the above studies subjects shared the common characteristic of genes, showing the relationship between non typical traits and genetics.

Links between biological and environmental factors

4.1 The Link between the frustration-aggression hypothesis and social learning

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration stimulates a drive that leads to aggression. However, frustration is not the only variable that causes aggression. The response to frustration may differ depending on the kind of responses a person has learned to use in coping with frustrating situations. If a person has learnt (through imitation or social learning) that aggression can elicit a desired result, then they would respond to frustration with aggressive behavior. For example, people in poorer communities become frustrated when their physiological needs cannot be met and some are motivated to acquire these needs through crime. This is where social learning plays a role. When a person becomes frustrated they are motivated to react in a way that they learnt would produce results. People can learn that crime pays. Therefore, while frustration and aggression seem to be closely linked, the mere presence of frustration does not seem to suggest aggression, social learning is also an instigating factor.

4.2 The Link between aggressive behavior and people in poor communities

People in poorer communities may exhibit more aggression; not only because of frustration but their monetary limitations may hamper their ability to have proper diets, particularly one high in protein. The link is serotonin. Serotonin is produced in the brain from the amino acid tryptophan which is derived from foods high in protein. Tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme is the only catalyst in the reaction producing serotonin and can therefore limit its production. Therefore a person’s diet may control the levels of serotonin that their body produces. People with low serotonin levels are more likely to act aggressively.

4.3 The relationship between genetics and environment

Genetics may influence both development and behavior however, it fully determines neither. Genes are hereditable and are not affected by environment factors such as rearing conditions however rearing conditions can influence gene expression. A person’s genes may predispose them to mental illness, diabetes or aggressive behavior however environmental factors may cause the emergence of these conditions. Someone may carry the gene for diabetes and may never develop it however, obesity increases their risk. There is a hereditary predisposition for schizophrenia and the risk of developing it depends on how closely a person is related to someone with schizophrenia. Conversely, environmental stress can also trigger schizophrenia in a person that is predisposed to the mental illness. Although some children may be biologically inclined to behave aggressively, their behavior can be controlled by the environment. Instead of rearing an aggressive child in an environment that fosters more aggression, it is better to provide an environment that reduces the inclination for the child to act aggressively. Parents who promote hitting as a means of discipline and often quarrel in the presence of their children encourage their children to resolve conflict by using aggression. The probability of aggressive behavior transpiring depends on the situational factors. Sometimes the same stimulation that causes a person to react aggressively to one person may not trigger the same reaction towards someone else. These reactions are controlled by the cortex and are influenced by previous experiences and social influences. Aggressive behavior in monkeys can be induced by electrically stimulating certain areas of the brain. The final behavior depends on the monkey’s position in the hierarchical structure of the monkey colony. Dominant monkeys will exhibit aggres¬sive behavior when electrically stimulated in the presence of a submissive monkey but would suppress the aggressive behavior in the presence of another dominant monkey.

4.0 Freedom of choice

Unlike animals, humans are equipped with a large cerebral cortex that allows for reasoning, consideration, creativity and behavior control. Humans are not hard wired like computers, where given a fixed command or stimulus results in a fixed response. We have the ability to choose our course of action and our decisions are preceded by will and thought. This capability has enabled us to survive and stand greater than animals. Because of our ability to consciously choose the values we instill in our children, our species can influence the outcome of our children’s behavior. Choice is the ability to select from a number of alternatives. When frustrated an individual has the choice to react in a certain manner. They can think about something else, distance themselves, suppress their anger or even laugh it off. The magnificence of human complexity is our ability to choose from an infinite amount of possible reactions.

Conclusion

Is aggression biologically or environmentally based? The answer is simple. Aggression cannot be credited to just one origin. Biological and environmental factors are complementary in understanding the origin of aggression. The traditional phrase for the debate nature versus nurture should be re-phrased as nature being nurtured. A normal person must be provoked and aroused to act aggressively. A person may have a genetic predisposition to aggression but the act would not occur unless certain environmental influences are present. It is best to approach the nature nurture debate from a position that embraces both view points in order to truly understand the basis of aggression. Biology provides the instrument for aggression but environment teaches us how to use them.

REFERENCE LIST

1. MORE THAN TWO AUTHORS

Atkinson, Smith, Bem & Nolen-Hoeksema. Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology (13th edition)

Taylor, Stout, & Green. Biological Science one and two (2nd edition)

2. NO AUTHOR / EDITOR GIVEN

Does media violence really influence human behavior?

Genes and aggression: Is the propensity for violence inherited?

3. INTERNET ARTICLES

D’Orban, P.T. & J. Dalton. Violent crime and the menstrual cycle

McCawley, S. The nature of aggression (or is it nurture?)

Silvis, D. Brain-behavior and nature-nurture: Two interacting scientific debates.

4. WORKS IN SEVERAL VOLUMES

Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2003

5. DOCTORAL DISSERTATION (PUBLISHED)

Fishbein, D. Biological Perspectives in Criminology. Published Doctoral Dissertation, University of Baltimore, Baltimore.

6. ARTICLES

Geen, R. The importance of learning in aggression. University of Missouri- Columbia

Rowell Huesmann, L. How biology influences human aggression. University of Michigan.

About the Author

A Night at the Museum American Girl Doll Style Part 3

Colonial Girl $49.95 Colonial Girl

Girls Colonial Girl Costume – Colonial Costumes $43.72 Kids Halloween Costumes – This adorable Colonial Girl costume includes the ruffle-trimmed dress with attached apron and the ruffled cap. Great for Thanksgiving! Also works well as a Pioneer Costume or a Western Frontier Costume!

Girls Pilgrim Girl Costume – Colonial Costumes $16.46 Thanksgiving Costumes – This Child Pilgrim Girl Costume includes the bonnet, and the colonial costume dress with attached apron. Also great as a pioneer costume! 100% polyester. Dry clean only.

Pilgrim Girl Costume – Colonial Costumes $27.19 Thanksgiving Costumes – This Pilgrim Girl Costume features Colonial costume bonnet, Colonial costume dress with white collar, and white apron. Also great as a Pioneer Costume! Perfect for historical plays, school assemblies, and costume parties! 100% Polyester. Exclusive of Trim. Hand wash. Cool water. Line dry. No Bleach. costume runs very long.

Pilgrim Girl Costume – Girls Colonial Costumes $27.19 Pilgrim Girl Costume Thanksgiving Costumes – This Pilgrim Girl Costume features Colonial costume bonnet, Colonial costume dress with white collar, and white apron. Also great as a Pioneer Costume! Perfect for historical plays, school assemblies, and costume parties! 100% Polyester. Exclusive of Trim. Hand wash. Cool water. Line dry. No Bleach. Gender: Female Age: Kids Theme: Historical Occasion: Halloween Size: Child Large Color: As Shown Historical Period: Colonial Culture: American

Girls Pilgrim Girl Costume – Girls Colonial Costumes $16.46 Girls Pilgrim Girl Costume Thanksgiving Costumes – This Child Pilgrim Girl Costume includes the bonnet, and the colonial costume dress with attached apron. Also great as a pioneer costume! 100% polyester. Dry clean only. Gender: Female Age: Kids Theme: Historical Occasion: Halloween Size: Child Medium Color: As Shown Historical Period: Colonial Culture: American

Colonial Mob Cap – Pioneer Colonial or Costume Accessories $9.04 Colonial Mob Cap – Colonial or Pioneer Costume Accessories – This Mob Cap features white organdy with white lace trim. Comfort fit elastic band. One Size.

Pioneer Girl $16.55 This book is in Used condition

Colonial Girl Halloween Costume $22.95 Represent your U.S. heritage with pride and style! Instead of impersonating a fictional character, be a proud American citizen and look the part you were born to honor. You can’t beat the Colonial Girl Halloween Costume because it features a colonial style brown dress with an attached white apron and white bonnet. This colonial style, historic costume is darling enough to rewrite history. The Colonial Girl Kids Costume will not only impress others, but it will show that you have an appreciation for history. When wearing the Colonial Girl Halloween Costume, you will have strangers smiling your way, for no reason at all!

Colonial Girl Child Costume $19.99 Don this Colonial Girl costume and feel like you are walking through Williamsburg, VA or Plymouth, MA. The blue and white period style dress has an attached white apron and modest bonnet cap; the

Colonial Girl Costume $51.99 Colonial Girl Child Costume Marvelous Dress For Any Young Lady! Costume includes: Long dress with traditional lace and gold trim. Available sizes: Small (4-6) Medium (6-8) Large (8-10) Shoes sold separately.

Traditional Colonial Girl Child Costume $29.99 This traditional colonial girl costume includes a brown dress with attached white apron and a matching bonnet.

Little Pioneer Girl Paper Doll $8.06 Youngsters can dress this charming little pigtailed pioneer girl in 8 fullcolor costumes: dresses for school, work and play, a cloak, nightgown, and more. 1 doll printed on inside back cover plus, 8 fullcolor costumes printed on lightweight stock. Author: Steadman, Barbara Series Title: Dover Little Activity Books (Paperback) Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 8 Publication Date: 1997/02/19 Age Level: 04 UP Language: English Dimensions: 5.72 x 4.12 x 0.06 inches

Child Colonial Girl Costume $13.96 Historic costume for girls includes a full-length dress apron and bonnet. Take a trip back in time with our Colonial Girl Costume for kids. This costume is so old it isn’t retro it’s revolutionary. It’s perfect as a Halloween costume but also makes a great addition to any s…

Brown Colonial Girl – Kids Costume $26.99 Historic costume for girls includes a dress with attached apron and bonnet. She’ll be quite the pretty bantling in this traditional Colonial Girl Costume. It includes a brown dress with attached white apron and a matching bonnet. Add some Gold And Silver Colonial Style Shoe B…

Colonial / Pilgrim Girl Child $29.96 This simple outfit is very effective at any kind of event or Thanksgiving party. The Colonial/Pilgrim Girl Child costume includes a very simple floor-length, grey dress complete with white collar and white apron. The white bonnet is also included. Just add a simple pair of white or grey pumps to this outfit and your costume is complete. If you’re looking to extend the outfit a little more, you could add clear, round eyeglasses and clip a pair of silver or gold colonial style buckles to some black shoes. This outfit is ideal for any event such as Christmas, Thanksgiving or holidays. It would be a useful addition to any theatrical wardrobe for school plays. So get this fantastic costume before a turkey gobbles all of them up! Size: L Color: As Shown Material: POLYESTER Care Instructions: HAND WASH Condition: New

Colonial Girl Child Costume $33.99 Includes a long brown dress with beige/cream-colored sleeves and attached apron, back zipper and matching mop cap. 100% polyester, exclusive of trim. Gender: Unisex Age: Adult Occasion: Everyday Size: S Color: As Shown Historical Period: Colonial Culture: American

1-2-3 Tarot: Answers in an Instant $12.43 In this new approach to Tarot, a card’s complex significance is boiled down to three elements–identity, action, and result/quality–and then matched respectively with a subject, verb, and object to form a simple sentence. Tyson then teaches how to interpret the collective meaning within a variety of spreads.

1001 Illustrations That Connect $29.99 Every preacher, teacher, or writer knows the value of a good illustration in helping connect the truth of the passage with the congregation or class—and how hard it is to come up with good illustrations week after week.This book contains the cream of the crop: 1001 illustrations carefully selected from among thousands on Christianity Today International”s popular website PreachingToday.com. These illustrations are proven, memorable, and illuminating. As the saying goes, they will preach! And they”re fresh, all written within the past seven years.Of course the best illustrations are no good if you can”t find the right one. These illustrations have been arranged according to twelve master topics, each divided into several subtopics. Further, they”ve been indexed according both to Bible references and to 500 keywords. A searchable CD-ROM is included, allowing you to get the illustration into your lesson or sermon with ease.

1500+ Keywords for $100,000+ Jobs: Tools to Build Winning Resumes $141.02 Organized as a Key Word directory to major professions, this unique book includes rich examples of powerful nouns, verbs, and phrases that should appear on various sections of resumes and cover letters.

2-Sided Quadrille Pads, Ruled 10×10 Sq/Inc, 50 Sheets, Letter, White $6.24 UAR1240: Ampad 2-Sided Quadrille Pads Quadrille pad is printed on two sides in nonreproducible blue ink so you can align your figures, copy and create a graph-free presentation. Ideal for drafting, plotting and scale drawings. Lines won’t smudge or reproduce. 20 lb. white ledger paper in pad accepts porous inks better than lower grades of paper. Pad contains 50 sheets. Additional Specifications: -Color: White. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pad. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: AMPAD Corporation, Quadrille Pads, Planning, Grid, Graphing, Non-Repro, 2-Sided, Two Sided

202 Great Cover Letters $10.95 New techniques, formats, and keywords to make a cover letter stand out 202 Great Cover Letters delivers a treasure trove of fresh cover letter strategies and samples that will get you noticed, get you interviews, and get you hired. Bestselling author Michael Betrus presents 202 example cover letters that cover a wide variety of industries and situations, from cold contact and marketing letters to posting on job boards and follow-ups.

202 Great Cover Letters $7.22 New techniques, formats, and keywords to make a cover letter stand out “202 Great Cover Letters” delivers a treasure trove of fresh cover letter strategies and samples that will get you noticed, get you interviews, and get you hired. Bestselling author Michael Betrus presents 202 example cover letters that cover a wide variety of industries and situations, from cold contact and marketing letters to posting on job boards and follow-ups.

202 Great Resumes $9 202 Great Resumes Jay A. Block and Michael Betrus [Spine] Block Betrus 202 Great Resumes! [Back cover copy] Craft a top-notch resume that can compete in today’s market–and win the job of your dreams From the resume specialists who brought you the bestselling “101 Resumes and “101 More Resumes, 202 Great Resumesoffers a winning new approach to resume writing that will make you a top competitor in today’s job market. Full of unbeatable advice for every aspect of your job search, this comprehensive resume guide offers winning samples written by two veteran career-development experts. “202 Great Resumes gives you more of the tips, strategies, and real-world examples you need to successfully market yourself to employers. Organized by profession, you’ll find the perfect sample resume for almost any position in any industry. With reliable traditional formats and the newest cutting-edge styles, you’ll have more creative ways to grab the attention of employers than ever before. Whether you’ve been out of work for months or you’re just out of college, you’ll learn to write a resume that gets you noticed every time! Inside you’ll discover: Ways to research a company to uncover their needs How to get in the door, to network, and get yourself exposed to the hiring managers Methods to articulate your value to hiring managers and spin the right message for the people you meet Thousands of keywords to help you write Street-smart tips to help you job-search, negotiate your salary, work through the Internet, interview, and much more With expert advice on: Getting Started Cover letters Electronic resumes Networking Working with recruiters Acing the interview Solutions-basedresumes Jay A. Block is an internationally certified career coach and resume strategist. Michael Betrus is a hiring manager in the telecommunications industry. Block and Betrus are also the authors of the bestselling resume guides “101 Best Resumes, 101 More Best Resumes, “101 Cover Letters, and “Great Answers!

2500 Keywords to Get You Hired $12.95 The most comprehensive reference of its kind, this powerful resume-writing resource gives readers instant access to 2,500 indispensable keywords germane to 300 careers in nine employment categories–from business, the law, and health care, to the arts, education, and media–and shows how to use them effectively.

3-Shelf Utility Cart, 36 x16 x31 , Beige (CMC5810BE) $138.68 GXU1015: Continental Light Duty 3-Shelf Utility Cart Three-shelf cart features a seamless construction for easy cleaning. Use for industrial, food service, and more. Cart holds up to 200 lb. and rolls easily on 4 heavy-duty, nonmarking gray casters. Additional Specifications: -Color: Sandalwood. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Each. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. -This item is NOT Returnable. Product Keywords: Continental Mfg. Co., Multipurpose, Multi Purpose Carts, Utility Trucks, Structo, Three-Shelf, 3-Shelf

3-Slant Shelf Cart, 27 x14 x43 , Anthracite $244.72 BR2599: Bretford Single-sided Utility Cart Single-sided utility cart features three slanted shelves and antimicrobial surface protection to inhibit the growth of mold, mildew and fungus for a cleaner surface. Extra deep 12 shelves are ideal for transporting and storing big books, binders, medical or legal files, boxes, and more. The antimicrobial powder-coat finish will not wash off and is effective for the useful life of the product. Design includes easy-to-grip rounded handles, end panels with stylish perforations and 4 casters, two locking. Casters are rated at 115 lb. each. Durable all-steel shelves are arc-welded in place for maximum strength. Utility truck is more than 95 percent recyclable. Additional Specifications: -Color: Anthracite. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Each. -Total Recycled Content: 30%. Product Keywords: Bretford Manufacturing Inc, Multipurpose, Multi Purpose Carts, Single-sided Utility Cart Single Sided

360 of Reading: A Literature Guide for the College Bound Volume I $20.48 What do Richard Dawkins, Jackie Robinson, and St Teresa have in common? .They all can be found in this book! 360 of Reading is a literature reference guide for high school students. It makes a great stocking stuffer at Christmas, or ‘end of school year’ gift for that special student. Any student who wants to read great literature will benefit from this book. It has reference pages for 360 books that cover novels, drama, poetry, and a broad range of non-fiction. Each reference page includes bibliographic information, a descriptive note, keywords and more. Furthermore, the books are indexed by author, country of origin, date of first publication, and keywords. It also has an appendix listing an additional forty titles. Twenty-four books by Pulitzer Prize winners and twenty-six books by Nobel Prize in Literature winners are among the works listed in this reference guide.

3M Write-On Overhead Transparency Film – Letter – 8.5 x 11 – 100 / Box – Clear $46.41 3M is fundamentally a science-based company. We produce thousands of imaginative products and we re a leader in scores of markets – from health care and highway safety to office products and abrasives and adhesives. Our success begins with our ability to apply our technologies – often in combination – to an endless array of real-world customer needs. Of course all of this is made possible by the people of 3M and their singular commitment to make life easier and better for people around the world.. Write or draw directly on film using transparency or china markers. Ideal for last-minute visuals. Create and present crisp charts and graphs. 100 Sheets per Box 3M Audio Visual AV Overhead Projectors and Supplies Recycled Products Transparency Transparency Film Transparency Film amp; Frames Transparency Film Frames Protectors Write-On Transparency Film Overhead Projectors Spatial Light Modulator Lectures Classrooms Teachers. Color: Clear. Coupon Cannon: 03-13-09. Page Number: 1362 Keywords. Dimensions: 8-1/2 quot; W x 11 quot; H.

4-Drawer Lateral File W/Lock,30 x19-1/4 x53-1/4 , Light Gray $417.95 BYX2470: Basyx 400 Series Lateral Files w/Lock Deep lateral file efficiently maximizes floor space and is designed for light-duty use. Each drawer accommodates letter-size or legal-size files from front-to-back or side-to-side. Locking drawers feature ball-bearing slide suspension. Mechanical interlock allows only one drawer to open at a time. Lateral file is certified by SCS to be in compliance with specific indoor air quality emission requirements and meets or exceeds applicable ANSI/BIFMA standards. Additional Specifications: -Color: Putty. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Each. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Basyx, Furniture, Files, Lateral File Cabinets, Filing Supplies, 2-Drawers, 4-Drawers, Two, Four

A Brass Hat in No Man’s Land $65.43 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7 PROLOGUE II I. 1914 15 II. MOULDING THE MACHINE 42 III. FIRST ENTRY 53 IV. THE ACID TEST 88 V. REBUILDING AFTER BATTLE 113 VI. NEW MEN – OLD METHODS 131 VII. THE WELCH EPIC 176 VIIL THE STONE WALL 191 IX. THE PRICE OF POLITICS 198 X. THE BOYS OF THE OLD BRIGADE 213 XI. AFTER THE STORM 231 EPILOGUE 247 Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. Hesperides Press are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.Keywords: 1900s Artwork

A Doll’s House $64.41 Plays By Henrik Ibsen. Includes A Doll”s House, The Wild Duck and The Lady From The Sea. Keywords: Wild Duck Lady From The Sea

ActionScript for Flash MX $9.95 The ActionScript for Flash MX Pocket Reference provides a complete summary of ActionScript, Flash MX’s object-oriented programming language, covering the core objects’ and classes’ methods and properties. Also covered are ActionScript’s global properties, global functions, operators, statements, keywords, and directives. This compact book also includes an excellent summary of ActionScript syntax and best practices, covering datatypes, variables, loops, conditionals, identifiers, event handling, and object-oriented programming in short order. For programmers coming from other languages, it offers a quick orientation to the most common Flash elements and operations including Movie Clips, loading and drawing graphics, text manipulation, data transfers, and XML parsing.

Addison-Wesley’s C++ Backpack Reference Guide $12.95 This book provides a quick reference to C++”s most frequently used keywords and libraries. It is clear and easy-to-use, integrating syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. This inexpensive reference provides a lot of information for the introductory and intermediate programming student or someone who just wants the specifics of C++ in one handy place.

Addison-Wesley’s C++ Backpack Reference Guide $8.34 This book provides a quick reference to C++’s most frequently used keywords and libraries. It is clear and easy-to-use, integrating syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. This inexpensive reference provides a lot of information for the introductory and intermediate programming student or someone who just wants the specifics of C++ in one handy place.

Addison-Wesley’s Java Backpack Reference Guide $12.95 A quick reference to Java”s most frequently used keywords and APIs. Provides information for someone who just wants the specifics of Java. Integrates syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. For a reader who wants a reference and specifics of Java in one handy place.

Addison-Wesley’s Java Backpack Reference Guide $8.34 A quick reference to Java’s most frequently used keywords and APIs. Provides information for someone who just wants the specifics of Java. Integrates syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. For a reader who wants a reference and specifics of Java in one handy place.

Adult Brief, Extra Extra Large, 12/PK, Green $14.8 MLN1390: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Extra Large, 15/PK, Beige $15.17 MLN1389: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Large, 20/PK, Blue $15.3 MLN1386: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Medium, 16/PK, Purple $15.17 MLN1387: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Medium, 18/PK, White $15.3 MLN1388: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

This entry was posted on Monday, May 3rd, 2010 at 22:30 and is filed under costume. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.