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Ancient Greek cuisine

Meals

Terracotta model representing a lion’s paw tripod table, 2nd1st century BCE, from Myrina, Louvre

At home

The Greeks had four meals a day. Breakfast ( akratismos) consisted of barley bread dipped in wine ( akratos), sometimes complemented by figs or olives. A quick lunch ( ariston) was taken around noon or early afternoon. Dinner ( deipnon), the most important meal of the day, was generally taken at nightfall. An additional light meal ( hesperisma) was sometimes taken in the late afternoon. / aristodeipnon, literally “lunch-dinner”, was served in the late afternoon instead of dinner.

Men and women took their meals separately. When the house was too small, the men ate first, the women afterwards. Slaves waited at dinners. Aristotle notes that “the poor, having no slaves, must use their wives and children as servants”.

The ancient Greek custom to place terra cotta miniatures of their furniture in children’s graves gives us a good idea of its style and design. The Greeks normally ate while seated on chairs; benches were used for banquets. The tables, high for normal meals and low for banquets, were initially rectangular in shape. But by the 4th century BCE, the usual table was round, often with animal-shaped legs (for example lion’s paws). Loaves of flat bread could be used as plates, but terra cotta bowls were more common. Dishes became more refined over time, and by the Roman period plates were sometimes made out of precious metals or glass. Cutlery was not often used at table: Use of the fork was unknown; people ate with their fingers. Knives were used to cut the meat. Spoons were used for soups and broths. Pieces of bread ( apomagdalia) could be used to spoon the food or as napkins, to wipe the fingers.

Social dining

Banqueter playing the kottabos, a playful subversion of the libation, ca. 510 BCE, Louvre

As with modern dinner parties, the host could simply invite friends or family; but two other forms of social dining were central in ancient Greece: the entertainment of the all-male symposium, and the obligatory, regimental syssitia.

Symposium

Main article: Symposium

The symposium ( symposion), traditionally translated as “banquet”, but more literally “gathering of drinkers”, was one of the preferred pastimes for the Greeks. It consisted of two parts: the first dedicated to food, generally rather simple, and a second part dedicated to drinking. However, wine was consumed with the food, and the beverages were accompanied by snacks ( tragmata) such as chestnuts, beans, toasted wheat, or honey cakes; all designed to absorb alcohol and extend the drinking spree.

The second part was inaugurated with a libation, most often in honor of Dionysus, followed by conversation or table games, such as kottabos. The guests would recline on couches ( klinai); low tables held the food or game boards. Dancers, acrobats, and musicians would entertain the wealthy banqueters. A “king of the banquet” was drawn by lots; he had the task of directing the slaves as to how strong to mix the wine.

With the exception of dancers and courtesans, the banquet was strictly reserved for men. It was an essential element of Greek social life. Great feasts could only be afforded by the rich; in most Greek homes, religious feasts or family events were the occasion of more modest banquets. The banquet became the setting of a specific genre of literature, giving birth to Plato’s Symposium, Xenophon’s work of the same name, the Table Talk of Plutarch’s Moralia, and the Deipnosophists (Banquet of the Learned) of Athenaeus.

Syssitia

Main article: Syssitia

The syssitia ( ta syssitia) were mandatory meals shared by social or religious groups for men and youths, especially in Crete and Sparta. They were referred to variously as hetairia, pheiditia, or andreia (literally, “belonging to men”). They both served as a kind of aristocratic club and as a military mess. Like the symposium, the syssitia was the exclusive domain of men although some references have been found to all-female syssitia. Unlike the symposium, these meals were hallmarked by simplicity and temperance.

Foods

Bread

Woman kneading bread, c. 500475 BCE, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

Cereals formed the staple diet. The two main grains were wheat ( sitos) and barley. Wheat grains were softened by soaking, then either reduced into gruel, or ground into flour ( aleiata) and kneaded and formed into loaves ( artos) or flatbreads, either plain or mixed with cheese or honey. Leavening was known; the Greeks later used an alkali ( nitron) or wine yeast as leavening agent. Dough loaves were baked at home in a clay oven ( ipnos) set on legs. A simpler method consisted in putting lighted coals on the floor and covering the heap with a dome-shaped cover ( pnigeus); when it was hot enough, the coals were swept aside, dough loaves were placed on the warm floor, the cover was put back in place and the coals were gathered on the side of the cover. The stone oven did not appear until the Roman period. Solon, an Athenian lawmaker of the 6th century BCE, prescribed that leavened bread be reserved for feast days. By the end of the 5th century BC, leavened bread was sold at the market, though it was expensive.

Barley was easier to produce but more difficult to make bread from. It provided a nourishing but very heavy bread. Because of this it was often roasted before milling, producing a coarse flour ( alphita) which was used to make maza, the basic Greek dish. In Peace, Aristophanes employs the expression , literally “to eat only barley”, with a meaning equivalent to the English “diet of bread and water”. Many recipes for maza are known; it could be served cooked or raw, as a broth, or made into dumplings or flatbreads. Like wheat breads, it could also be augmented with cheese or honey.

Fruit and vegetables

The cereals were often served accompanied by what was generically referred to as opson, “relish”. The word initially meant anything prepared on the fire, and, by extension, anything which accompanied bread. In the classical period it came to refer to fish and vegetables: cabbage, onions, lentils, sweet peas, chickpeas, broad beans, garden peas, grass peas, etc. They were eaten as a soup, boiled or mashed ( etnos), seasoned with olive oil, vinegar, herbs or gron, a fish sauce similar to Vietnamese n m. According to Aristophanes, mashed beans were a favourite dish of Heracles, always represented as a glutton in comedies. Poor families ate oak acorns ( balanoi).. Raw or preserved olives were a common appetizer.

In the cities, fresh vegetables were expensive: the poorer city dwellers had to make do with dried vegetables. Lentil soup ( phak) was the workman’s typical dish. Cheese, garlic and onions were the soldier’s traditional fare. In Peace, the smell of onions typically represents soldiers; the chorus, celebrating the end of war, sings Oh! joy, joy! no more helmet, no more cheese nor onions! Bitter vetch was considered a famine food.

Fruits, fresh or dried, and nuts, were eaten as dessert. Important fruits were figs, raisins and pomegranates. Dried figs were also eaten as an appetizer or when drinking wine. In the latter case, they were often accompanied by grilled chestnuts, chick peas, and beechnuts.

Fish and Meat

Sacrifice; principal source of meat for city dwellers here a boar; tondo of an Attic kylix by the Epidromos Painter, c. 510500 BCE, Louvre

The consumption of fish and meat varied in accordance with the wealth and location of the household; in the country, hunting (primarily trapping) allowed for consumption of birds and hares. Peasants also had farmyards to provide them with chickens and geese. Slightly wealthier landowners could raise goats, pigs, or sheep. In the city, meat was expensive except for pork. In Aristophanes’ day a piglet cost three drachmas, which was three days wages for a public servant. Sausages were common both for the poor and the rich.

In the 8th century BCE Hesiod describes the ideal country feast in Works and Days:

But at that time let me have a shady rock and Bibline wine, a clot of curds and milk of drained goats with the flesh of a heifer fed in the woods, that has never calved, and of firstling kids; then also let me drink bright wine

Meat is much less prominent in texts of the 5th century BCE onwards than in the earliest poetry, but this may be a matter of genre rather than real evidence of changes in farming and food customs. The eating of fresh meat was accompanied by a religious ritual in which the gods’ share (fat and bones) was burnt while the human share (meat) was grilled and distributed to the participants; there was however a lively trade in cooked and salted meats, which demanded no ritual.

Spartans primarily ate pork stew, the “black broth” ( melas zmos). According to Plutarch, it was “so much valued that the elderly men fed only upon that, leaving what flesh there was to the younger”. It was famous amongst the Greeks. “Naturally Spartans are the bravest men in the world”, joked a Sybarite, “anyone in his senses would rather die ten thousand times than take his share of such a sorry diet”. It was made with pork, salt, vinegar and blood. The dish was served with maza, figs and cheese sometimes supplemented with game and fish. The 2nd3rd century author Aelian, claims that Spartan cooks were prohibited from cooking anything other than meat.

In the Greek islands and on the coast, fresh fish and seafood (squid, octopus, and shellfish) were common. They were eaten locally but more often transported inland. Sardines and anchovies were regular fare for the citizens of Athens. They were sometimes sold fresh, but more frequently salted. A stele of the late 3rd century BCE from the small Boeotian city of Akraiphia, on Lake Copais, provides us with a list of fish prices. The cheapest was skaren (probably parrotfish) whereas northern bluefin tuna was three times as expensive. Common salt water fish were yellowfin tuna, red mullet, ray, swordfish or sturgeon, a delicacy which was eaten salted. Lake Copais itself was famous in all Greece for its eels, celebrated by the hero of The Acharnians. Other fresh water fish were pike-fish, carp and the less appreciated catfish.

Eggs and dairy products

Greeks bred quails and hens, partly for their eggs. Some authors also praise pheasant eggs and Egyptian Goose eggs, which were presumably rather rare. Eggs were cooked soft- or hard-boiled as hors d’uvre or dessert. Whites, yolks and whole eggs were also used as ingredients in the preparation of dishes.

Country dwellers drank milk ( gala), but it was seldom used in cooking. Butter ( bouturon) was known but seldom used either: Greeks saw it as a culinary trait of the Thracians of the northern Aegean coast, whom the Middle Comic poet Anaxandrides dubbed “butter eaters”. Yet Greeks enjoyed other dairy products. Pyriat, was a kind of thick milk, commonly mistaken as yogurt. Most of all, goat’s and ewe’s cheese () tyros) was a staple food. Fresh and hard cheese were sold in different shops; the former cost about two thirds of the latter’s price. Cheese was eaten alone or with honey or vegetables. It was also used as an ingredient in the preparation of many dishes, including fish dishes. The only extant recipe by the Sicilian cook Mithaecus runs: “Tainia: gut, discard the head, rinse and fillet; add cheese and olive oil”. However, the addition of cheese seems to have been a controversial matter; Archestratus warns his readers that Syracusan cooks spoil good fish by adding cheese.

Drink

Attican Rhyton, c. 460450 BCE, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

The most widespread drink was water. Fetching water was a daily task for women. Though wells were common, spring water was preferred: it was recognized as nutritious because it caused plants and trees to grow, and also as a desirable beverage. Pindar called spring water “as agreeable as honey”. The Greeks would describe water as robust, heavy or light, dry, acidic, pungent, wine-like, etc. One of the comic poet Antiphanes’s characters claimed that he could recognize Attic water by taste alone. Athenaeus states that a number of philosophers had a reputation for drinking nothing but water, a habit combined with a vegetarian diet (cf. below). Milk, usually goats’ milk, was also consumed.

The usual drinking vessel was the skyphos, made out of wood, terra cotta, or metal. Critias also mentions the kothon, a Spartan goblet which had the military advantage of hiding the colour of the water from view and trapping mud in its edge. They also used a drinking vessel called a kylix (a shallow footed bowl), and for banquets the kantharos (a deep cup with handles) or the rhyton, a drinking horn often moulded into the form of a human or animal head.

Wine

See also: Ancient Greece and wine

Banqueter reaches into a krater with an oenochoe to replenish his kylix with wine, c. 490480 BCE, Louvre

The Greeks are thought to have made red as well as ros and white wines. As at the present time, many qualities of production were to be found, from common table wine to vintage qualities. The best wines, in general opinion, came from Thsos, Lesbos and Chios. Cretan wine came to prominence later. A secondary wine made from water and pomace (the residue from squeezed grapes), mixed with lees, was made by country people for their own use. The Greeks sometimes sweetened their wine with honey and made medicinal wines by adding thyme, pennyroyal and other herbs. By the first century, if not before, they were familiar with wine flavoured with pine resin (modern retsina). Aelian also mentions a wine mixed with perfume. Cooked wine was known, as well as a sweet wine from Thsos, similar to port wine.

Wine was generally cut with water. The drinking of akraton or “unmixed wine”, though known to be practised by northern barbarians, was thought likely to lead to madness and death. Wine was mixed in a krater, from which the slaves would fill the drinker’s kylix with an oinochoe (jugs). Wine was also used as a generic medication, being taken to have medicinal virtue. Aelian mentions that the wine from Heraia in Arcadia rendered men foolish but women fertile; conversely, Achaean wine was thought to induce abortion. Outside of these therapeutic uses, Greek society did not approve of women drinking wine; according to Aelian, a Massalian law prohibited this and restricted women to drinking water. Sparta was the only city where women routinely drank wine.

Wine reserved for local use was kept in skins. That destined for sale was poured into pithoi, (large terra cotta jugs). From here they were decanted into amphoras sealed with pitch for retail sale. Vintage wines carried stamps from the producers and/or city magistrates who guaranteed their origin. This is one of the first instances of indicating the geographical or qualitative provenance of a product, and is the basis of the modern appellations d’origine contrles certification.

Kykeon

Hecamede preparing kykeon for Nestor, kylix by the Brygos Painter, ca. 490 BC, Louvre

The Greeks also drank kykeon (, from kyka, “to shake, to mix”), which was both a beverage and a meal. It was a barley gruel, to which water and herbs were added. In the Iliad, the beverage also contained grated goat cheese. In the Odyssey, Circe adds honey and a magic potion to it. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the goddess refuses red wine but accepts a kykeon made of water, flour, and pennyroyal. Used as a ritual beverage in the Eleusinian Mysteries, it was also a popular beverage, especially in the countryside: Theophrastus, in his Characters, describes a boorish peasant as having drunk much kykeon and inconveniencing the Assembly with his bad breath. It also had a reputation as a good digestive, and as such, in Peace, Hermes recommends it to the main character who has eaten too much dried fruit.

Food preparation

Food played an important part in the Greek mode of thought. Classicist John Wilkins notes that “in the Odyssey for example, good men are distinguished from bad and Greeks from foreigners partly in terms of how and what they ate. Herodotus identified people partly in terms of food and eating”.

Up to the 3rd century BCE, the frugality imposed by the physical and climatic conditions of the country was held as virtuous. The Greeks did not ignore the pleasures of eating, but valued simplicity. The rural writer Hesiod, as cited above, spoke of his “flesh of a heifer fed in the woods, that has never calved, and of firstling kids” as being the perfect closing to a day. Nonetheless, Chrysippus is quoted as saying that the best meal was a free one.

Culinary and gastronomical research was rejected as a sign of oriental flabbiness: the Persian Empire was considered decadent due to their luxurious taste, which manifested itself in their cuisine. The Greek authors took pleasure in describing the table of the Achaemenid Great King and his court: Herodotus, Clearchus of Soli, Strabo and Ctesias were unanimous in their descriptions.

Fresh fish, one of the favourite dishes of the Greeks, platter with red figures, c. 350325 BCE, Louvre

In contrast, Greeks as a whole stressed the austerity of their own diet. Plutarch tells how the king of Pontus, eager to try the Spartan “black gruel”, bought a Laconian cook; “but had no sooner tasted it than he found it extremely bad, which the cook observing, told him, “Sir, to make this broth relish, you should have bathed yourself first in the river Evrotas”.”. According to Polyaenus, on discovering the dining hall of the Persian royal palace, Alexander the Great mocked their taste and blamed it for their defeat. Pausanias, on discovering the dining habits of the Persian commander Mardonius, equally ridiculed the Persians, “who having so much, came to rob the Greeks of their miserable living”.

In consequence of this cult of frugality, and the diminished regard for cuisine it inspired, the kitchen long remained the domain of women, free or enslaved. In the classical period, however, culinary specialists began to enter the written record. Both Aelian and Athenaeus mention the thousand cooks who accompanied Smindyride of Sybaris on his voyage to Athens at the time of Cleisthenes, if only disapprovingly. Plato in Gorgias, mentions “Thearion the cook, Mithaecus the author of a treatise on Sicilian cooking, and Sarambos the wine merchant; three eminent connoisseurs of cake, kitchen and wine.” Some chefs also wrote treatises on cuisine.

Over time, more and more Greeks presented themselves as gourmets. From the Hellenistic to the Roman period, the Greeks at least the rich no longer appeared to be any more austere than others. The cultivated guests of the feast hosted by Athenaeus in the 2nd or 3rd century devoted a large part of their conversation to wine and gastronomy. They discussed the merits of various wines, vegetables, and meats, mentioning renowned dishes (stuffed cuttlefish, red tuna belly, prawns, lettuce watered with mead) and great cooks such as Soterides, chef to king Nicomedes I of Bithynia (who reigned from the 279 to 250 BCE). When his master was inland, he pined for anchovies; Soterides simulated them from carefully carved turnips, oiled, salted and sprinkled with poppy seeds. Suidas (an encyclopaedia from the Byzantine period) mistakenly attributes this exploit to the celebrated Roman gourmet Apicius (1st century BCE) 89] which may be taken as evidence that the Greeks had reached the same level as the Romans.

Specific diets

Vegetarianism

Triptolemus received wheat sheaves from Demeter and blessings from Persephone, 5th century BCE relief, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

Orphicism and Pythagoreanism, two common ancient Greek religions, suggested a different way of life, based on a concept of purity and thus purification ( katharsis) a form of asceticism in the original sense: asksis initially signifies a ritual, then a specific way of life. Vegetarianism was a central element of Orphicism and of several variants of Pythagoreanism.

Empedocles (5th century BCE) justified vegetarianism by a belief in the transmigration of souls: who could guarantee that an animal about to be slaughtered did not house the soul of a human being? However, it can be observed that Empedocles also included plants in this transmigration, thus the same logic should have applied to eating them. Vegetarianism was also a consequence of a dislike for killing: “For Orpheus taught us rites and to refrain from killing”.

The information from Pythagoras (6th century BCE) is more difficult to define. The Comedic authors such as Aristophon and Alexis described Pythagoreans as strictly vegetarian, with some of them living on bread and water alone. Other traditions contented themselves with prohibiting the consumption of certain vegetables, such as the broad bean, or of sacred animals such as the white cock or selected animal parts.

It follows that vegetarianism and the idea of ascetic purity were closely associated, and often accompanied by sexual abstinence. In On the eating of flesh, Plutarch (1st2nd century) elaborated on the barbarism of blood-spilling; inverting the usual terms of debate, he asked the meat-eater to justify his choice.

The Neoplatonic Porphyrius (3rd century) associates in On Abstinence vegetarianism with the Cretan mystery cults, and gives a census of past vegetarians, starting with the semi-mythical Epimenides. For him, the origin of vegetarianism was Demeter’s gift of wheat to Triptolemus so that he could teach agriculture to humanity. His three commandments were: “Honour your parents”, “Honour the gods with fruit”, and pare the animals”.

Athlete diets

Aelian claims that the first athlete to submit to a formal diet was Ikkos of Tarentum, a victor in the Olympic pentathlon (perhaps in 444 BC). However, Olympic wrestling champion (62nd through 66th Olympiads) Milo of Croton was already said to eat twenty pounds of meat and twenty pounds of bread and to drink eight quarts of wine each day. Before his time, athletes were said to practise xrophaga (from xros, “dry”), a diet based on dry foods such as dried figs, fresh cheese and bread. Pythagoras (either the philosopher or a gymnastics master of the same name) was the first to direct athletes to eat meat.

Trainers later enforced some standard diet rules: to be an Olympic victor, “you have to eat according to regulations, keep away from desserts (); you must not drink cold water nor can you have a drink of wine whenever you want”. It seems this diet was primarily based on meat, for Galen (ca. 180 AD) accused athletes of his day of “always gorging themselved on flesh and blood”. Pausanias also refers to a “meat diet”.

Notes

^ ^ The expression originates in Sir Colin Renfrew’s The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in The Third Millennium BC, 1972, p.280.

^ Flacelire, p.205.

^ At the time of Homer and the early tragedies, the term signified the first meal of the day, which was not necessarily frugal: in Iliad 24:124, Achilles’s companions slaughter a sheep for breakfast.

^ a b c Flacelire, p.206.

^ Alexis fgt.214 Kock = Athenaeus 47e.

^ Dalby, p.5.

^ Dalby, p.15.

^ Politics 1323a4.

^ Dalby, pp.1314.

^ a b c d Flacelire, p.209.

^ a b Sparkes, p.132.

^ Aristophanes Knights 41316; Pollux 6.93.

^ a b Flacelire, p.212.

^ Flacelire, p.213.

^ a b Flacelire, p.215.

^ Dalby, pp.9091.

^ a b Migeotte, p.62.

^ Galen, On the properties of Food 1.10; Dalby p.91.

^ Sparkes, p.127.

^ Sparkes, p.128.

^ Flacelire, p.207.

^ Aristophanes, Frogs 858 and Wasps 238.

^ Dalby, p.91.

^ Peace 449.

^ Dalby, p.22.

^ Scholia to Homer, Iliad’ 11.630.

^ See Kimberly-Hatch.

^ The Frogs 6263.

^ Dalby, p.89.

^ Dalby, p.23.

^ Dalby, p.90; Flint-Hamilton, p.75.

^ Flacelire, p.208.

^ Peace 11271129. Peace. trans. Eugene O’Neill, Jr. 1938. accessed 23 May 2006.

^ Demosthenes, Against Androtion 15.

^ Peace 374.

^ Sparkes, p.123.

^ Hesiod. Works and Days 58893, trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White 1914. accessed 23 May 2006

^ Life of Lycurgus 12:12.

^ Apud Athenaeus 138d, trans. quoted by Dalby, p.126.

^ Life of Lycurgus 12:3 and Dichaearchus fgt.72 Wehrli.

^ Various History 14:7.

^ Dalby, p.67.

^ Athenaeus, Epitome 58b.

^ Dalby, p.65.

^ Athenaeus 151b.

^ Galen, On the properties of food, 3.15.

^ Dalby, p.66.

^ Athenaeus 325f.

^ Athenaeus 40f41a commenting on Odyssey 17.208.

^ Athenaeus 41a commenting on Iliad 2.753.

^ Pindar, fgt.198 B4.

^ smatds, Athenaeus 42a.

^ barystathmoteros, Athenaeus 42c.

^ kouphos, Athenaeus 42c.

^ kataxros, Athenaeus 43a.

^ oxys, Theopompus fgt.229 M. I316 = Athenaeus 43b.

^ trakuteros, Athenaeus 43b.

^ oinds, Athenaeus 42c.

^ Antiphanes fgt.179 Kock = Athenaeus 43b.

^ Athenaeus 44.

^ Apud Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus, 9:78.

^ Athenaeus 28d.

^ First mention in Dioscorides, Materia Medica 5.34; Dalby, p.150.

^ Various History 12:31.

^ Athenaeus 31d.

^ E.g. Menander, Samia 394.

^ Various History, 13:6.

^ Various History, 2:38.

^ Dalby, p.889.

^ Iliad 15:638641.

^ Odyssey 10:234.

^ Homeric hymn to Demeter 208.

^ Characters 4:23.

^ Peace 712.

^ Wilkins, “Introduction: part II” in Wilkins, Harvey and Dobson, p.3.

^ Apud Athenaeus 8c.

^ For a comparison of Persian and Greek cuisine, see Briant, pp.297306.

^ Herodotus 1:133.

^ Apud Athenaeus 539b.

^ Description of Greece 15:3,22.

^ Ctesias fgt.96 M = Athenaeus 67a.

^ Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 12:13, trans. John Dryden. Accessed 26 May 2006.

^ Stratagems, 4:3,32.

^ Stratagems 4:82.

^ Various History 22:24.

^ Gorgias 518b.

^ Euphro Comicus fgt.11 Kock = Athenaeus 7d.

^ Suidas s.v. .

^ Dodds, pp.1545.

^ Aristophanes, Frogs 1032. Trans. Matthew Dillon, accessed 2 June 2006.

^ Flint-Hamilton, pp.379380.

^ Moralia 12:68.

^ On Abstinence 4.62.

^ Various History (11:3).

^ Athenaeus 412f.

^ Athenaeus 205.

^ Diogenes Laertius 8:12.

^ Epictetus, Discourses 15:25, trans. W.E. Sweet.

^ Exhortation for Medicine 9, trans. S.G. Miller.

^ Pausanias 6:7.10.

See also

Greek cuisine

References

Briant, P. Histoire de l’Empire perse de Cyrus Alexandre. Paris: Fayard, 1996. ISBN 2-213-59667-0, translated in English as From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002 ISBN 1-57506-031-0

Dalby, A. Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-15657-2

Dodds, E.R. “The Greek Shamans and the Origins of Puritanism “, The Greek and the Irrational (Sather Classical Lectures). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962 (1st edn 1959).

Flacelire R. La Vie quotidienne en Grce au temps de Pricls. Paris: Hachette, 1988 (1st edn. 1959) ISBN 2-01-005966-2, translated in English as Daily Life in Greece at the Time of Pericles. London: Phoenix Press, 2002 ISBN 1-84212-507-9

Flint-Hamilton, K.B. “Legumes in Ancient Greece and Rome: Food, Medicine, or Poison?”, Hesperia, Vol.68, No.3 (Jul.ep., 1999), pp. 371385.

(French) Migeotte, L., L’conomie des cits grecques. Paris: Ellipses, 2002 ISBN 2-7298-0849-3

Sparkes, B.A. “The Greek Kitchen”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol.82, 1962 (1962), pp. 121137.

Wilkins, J., Harvey, D. and Dobson, M. Food in Antiquity. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1995. ISBN 0-85989-418-5

Further reading

(French) Amouretti, M.-Cl. Le Pain et l’huile dans la Grce antique. De l’araire au moulin. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1989.

(French) Delatte, A. Le Cycon, breuvage rituel des mystres d’leusis. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1955.

Detienne, M. and Vernant, J.-P. (trans. Wissing, P.). The Cuisine of Sacrifice Among the Greeks. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989 (1st edn. 1979) ISBN 0-226-14353-8

External links

(French) “Vgtarisme, au commencement” (French language article on origin of vegetarianism)

A Taste of the Ancient World (University of Michigan)

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Ancient Greek / Roman Music – Organographia V

The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek And Roman Coins $36.05 This book is in New – Excellent condition

Gold Roman Wreath – Greek and Roman Costume Accessories $8.24 Finalize your Greek or Roman Costume by adding this Gold Roman Wreath!

Roman Questions, Greek Questions, Greek and Roman Parallel Stories, on the Fortune of the Romans, on the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander, Were the Athenians $31.2 No Synopsis Available

Roman Alexander & The Robbery Tickets $35 Buy Roman Alexander & The Robbery, tickets. Tickets for 05/27/2012 at House Of Blues – Anaheim in Anaheim, CA are available. Ticketliquidator.com gets you in!

Greek Life and Thought : From the Death of Alexander to the Roman Conquest $29.88 No Synopsis Available

Greek or Roman Princess Costume – Greek or Roman Costumes $28.04 Greek or Roman Princess Costume Halloween Costumes for Women – This delectable Greek or Roman Princess Costume is pure ambrosia and includes the dress and headpiece. Hand wash, cold water; line dry. Gender: Female Age: Adult Theme: Historical Occasion: Halloween Size: Adult Std. Color: As Shown Historical Period: Antiquity

Adult Roman Sandals – Roman and Greek Costumes $13.19 Give your Roman Costume or Greek costume an imperial look by adding these brown Roman Sandals.

Roman Chest Armor – Roman Or Greek Costume Accessories $27.22 Adorn your roman or Greek look with this Roman Chest Armor which comes in a 2 piece gold set.

Alexander Greek Alexander in greek Infant Bodysuit by CafePress $18.5 Babies love creepin’, crawlin’ and sleepin’ in our super comfy, 100% cotton jersey knit Infant Creeper. Infant clothes shouldn’t be hard to change, so our three-snap bottom helps ease those nasty diaper changes. Great baby stuff for your special little o Alexander in greek Infant Bodysuit Babies love creepin’, crawlin’ and sleepin’ in our super comfy, 100% cotton jersey knit Infant Creeper. Infant clothes shouldn’t be hard to change, so our three-snap bottom helps ease those nasty diaper changes. Great baby stuff for your special little o

Girls Roman or Greek Goddess Costume – Roman and Greek Costumes $28.01 Kids Halloween Costumes – This Child Roman or Greek Goddess Costume includes the full-length blue dipped ombre gown and the headpiece.

The Age of Alexander (Paperback) $22.39 Plutarch`s influential writings on the ancient world. Plutarch`s parallel biographies of the great men in Greek and Roman history are cornerstones of European literature, drawn on by countless writers since the Renaissance. This selection provides intimate glimpses into the lives of these men, revealing why the mild Artaxerxes forced the killer of his usurping brother to undergo the horrific "death of two boats"; why the noble Dion repeatedly risked his life for the ungrateful mobs of Syracuse; why Demosthenes delivered a funeral oration for the soldiers he had deserted in battle; and why Alexander self-destructed after conquering half the world.

Roman Helmet – Roman Or Greek Costume Accessories $22.27 Finalize your roman costume with this Roman Helmet.

Roman Shield – Roman Or Greek Costume Accessories $10.72 Complete your lofty roman look with this Roman Shield.

Greek and Roman Mythology A to Z (Reinforced Hardcover) $80.3 An illustrated dictionary of the gods, heroes, and legends of the Greek and Roman peoples.

Adult Roman or Greek Empress Costume – Roman and Greek Costumes $28.87 Adult Halloween Costumes – The Roman or Greek Empress Costume includes gold-trimmed white dress with attached velveteen red drape. Roman Armband sold separately. One size fits most adults.

Athena Greek or Roman Goddess Costume – Greek and Roman Costumes $23.89 Halloween Costumes for Women – This Athena Greek or Roman Costume includes the white Athena costume dress with adjustable neckline and attached sheer drapes, gold cording and the crown.

A History of Greek Sculpture $54.04 1880. Contains two volumes in one; From the earliest times down to the age under Pheidias and his successors. With illustrations. Murray, a Scottish archaeologist, was assistant keeper and keeper of Greek and Roman antiquities at the British Museum. From 1894 to 1896 he was in charge of excavations in Cyprus. Among his other writings are Manual of Mythology, Handbook of Greek Archaeology, TerraCotta Sarcophagi, and Excavations in Cyprus. Contents Volume One: First Stages in Technical Skill; The Shield of Achilles; Butades, Theodoros, Rhoekos and Glaukos; Early Sculpture in Marble, Ivory and Gold and Fine Woods; Archaic Sculpture; Early Schools of Argos, Sikyon and Aegina; The Sculptures of Aegina, Now in Munich; Archaic Sculpture in Athens; Pythagoras of Rhegium; Myron and the Sculptures of His School; Polykleitos; and The Sculptures of Northern Greece. Contents Volume Two: The Frieze and Metopes of the Parthenon; Pediment Sculptures of the Parthenon; Pheidias; Pupils of PheidiasThe Sculptures of Olympia; The Frieze of Phigaleia; The Temple of Athena Nike, The Erechtheum, etc.; The Nereid Monument of Xanthos in Lycia; Pupils of Myron and Polykleitos; Praxiteles; Skopas; Schools of Skopas and Praxiteles; Lysippos and His School; Schools of Rhodes and Pergamos; and Greek Sculpture in Rome. See other titles by this author available from Kessinger Publishing. Author: Murray, Alexander S. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 820 Publication Date: 2004/07/01 Language: English Dimensions: 9.25 x 7.50 x 1.60 inches

Alexander Greek Alexander in greek Kids Light T-Shirt by CafePress $15 The youth-sized version of our popular adult favorite. It’s preshrunk and durable – just what a playful, active kid needs.6.1 oz. 100% cottonRuns large, size down for better fit. Alexander in greek Kids Light T-Shirt Tee, TShirt, Shirt The youth-sized version of our popular adult favorite. It’s preshrunk and durable – just what a playful, active kid needs.6.1 oz. 100% cotton. Runs large, size down for better fit..

Greek and Roman Festivals (Hardcover) $338.24 Festivals were the heartbeat of Greek and Roman society and fulfilled significant roles in its social and political organization and within its institutions. Setting the rhythm of the year, festivals were a common denominator for a wide-ranging series of phenomena that concerned a large area of social relationships: social and political processes were formed, maintained, altered, and sanctioned through religious celebrations, as well as uniting the populace in common acts centred on common symbols. The study of religious festivals and the fundamental social functions which they filled can significantly expand our insights into understanding the Greco-Roman world, the social processes it went through, and the symbols it used.Greek and Roman Festivals addresses the multi-faceted and complex nature of Greco-Roman festivals and analyses the connections that existed between them, as religious and social phenomena, and the historical dynamics that shaped them. The volume contains twelve articles which form an interdisciplinary perspective of classical scholarship, ranging from archaeology, history, and history of religions, to philology.

White Roman or Greek Goddess Costume – Greek or Roman Costumes $65.96 Halloween Costumes for Women – This Greek or Roman Goddess Costume includes the full-length empire waist white chiffon trimmed gown with gold Greek-key embellishment, gold leaf tiara, and the coin necklace. Zipper closure down back of costume and there is a drape across the back from shoulder to shoulder.

Greek Or Roman Wig And Beard Set – Costume Wigs $15.67 This Greek or Roman Wig and Beard Set is a wonderful accessory for a Greek, Roman or Moses Costume! Be sure to get a wig cap to control hair under the wig. It improves the wig fit for better style and enhances wig comfort.

Literature Pockets Greek & Roman $19.58 Every pocket in Greek & Roman Myths begins with a two-page reproducible retelling of a tale. There is a teacher resource page that offers suggestions for sharing the tale. Comprehension, art, and writing activities follow, helping the story come to life for students. Two pages of evaluation forms help both teacher and student assess what was learned.The eight myths included are:Phaëton and the Sun ChariotPandora’s JarPerseus and the GorgonsArachne and the Weaving ContestThe Race for AtlantaPersephone and the SeasonsBellerophon and PegasusEcho and Narcissus

Adult Dionysus Greek or Roman Costume – Greek and Roman Costumes $25.54 Adult Halloween Costumes – This Adult Dionysus Greek or Roman Costume includes the costume robe with drape and the head wreath. Sandals and wristbands sold separately. Fits up to size 44.

Greek & Roman Mythology Gr 6-9 $12.71 Your students will become experts on many of the heroes, creatures, gods, and goddesses in Greek and Roman myths. Fascinating passages and effective follow-up activities make this an invaluable teaching tool.

King Neptune Wig – Greek and Roman Costume Accessories $18.97 Enhance your Greek or roman look with this royal King Neptune Wig. Includes the wig, moustache and beard.

Olympic Goddess Costume – Greek and Roman Costumes $28.04 This Greek or Roman Olympic Goddess Costume includes the long white dress with trim, medallion at shoulder and the headband.

Greek Goddess Costume – Greek Or Roman Costumes $31.34 Greek Goddess Costume This Greek Goddess Costume includes the dress with the attached drape and the wrist & arm cuffs. Gender: Female Age: Adult Size: Womens Std. Color: As Shown Historical Period: Antiquity

Roman-Era Greek Priests : Plutarch, Dexippus, Eunapius, Alexander of Abonoteichus, Heliodorus of Emesa $8.18 No Synopsis Available

Greek Goddess Costume – Greek and Roman Costumes $31.34 Adult Halloween Costumes – This Greek Goddess Costume includes the dress with the attached drape and the wrist & arm cuffs.

Roman Leg Armor – Roman Or Greek Costume Accessories $12.37 Enhance your roman costume with this Roman Leg Armor that comes in a 2 piece gold set.

Adult Greek or Roman Gladiator Sandals – Greek or Roman Costume Accessories $14.81 Adult Greek or Roman Gladiator Sandals These Adult Gladiator Sandals are brown with wrap-around straps approximately to the knee. Gender: Male Age: Adult Type: Sandals Theme: Historical Occasion: Halloween Size: Adult Std. Color: As Shown

Teen Roman or Greek Toga Costume – Greek and Roman Costumes $17.29 Halloween Costumes – Greek or Roman Toga – Looking like a Greek God has never been easier with this Toga for teens! Includes white pullover tunic with front shoulder to waist drape. Loose fit, lightweight and see-through poly/ cotton blend. For male or female. Does not include sandals, headpiece, bracelets or beverage. Hand wash cold and line dry.

Roman or Greek Goddess Costume – Adult Greek and Roman Costumes $25.57 Roman or Greek Goddess Costume Adult Halloween Costumes – This Grecian/Roman Goddess Costume includes headpiece, purple dress and necklace. The dress has sheer, flesh colored material at the neck that ties in the back. Also, the drape is attached on one side at the empire waist. The majesty of Mt. Olympus! Gender: Female Age: Adult Theme: Historical Occasion: Halloween Size: Womens Std. Color: As Shown Historical Period: Antiquity

Greek Empress Costume – Roman and Greek Costumes $33.82 Adult Halloween Costumes – This Greek Empress Costume includes the short white V-neck empire waist dress with fancy blue trim, attached semi-sheer drape in royal blue, and the silver laurel leaf head wreath. Pair this up with any of our Greek mens costumes for a classical couples look!

Animal House Toga Costume – Greek or Roman Costumes $28.84 “Halloween Costumes for Men – Greek or Roman Costumes – Funny Costumes – Voice button says “”TOGA! TOGA! TOGA!”". Includes headpiece and toga.”

Kids Gladiator Costume – Greek or Roman Costumes $24.71 Kids Halloween Costumes – This Child Greek or Roman Gladiator Costume includes the tunic, body armor with attached cape, arm bands, cuffs, leg guards and the headband.

Sexy Greek Goddess Costume – Greek and Roman Costumes $24.74 Sexy Greek Goddess Costume This Sexy Greek Goddess Costume includes the white mini dresswith gold trim and with layered skirt and the gold rope belt. Shoes and wig available separately. Gender: Female Age: Adult Theme: Sexy Size: Womens Large (12-14) Color: As Shown Historical Period: Antiquity

Girls Greek Athena Costume – Roman and Greek Costumes $33.82 Girls Greek Athena Costume This Girls Greek Athena Costume includes the full length pink dipped ombr? gown with O-ring shoulders, gold trim and a draped profile, and the golden leaf headpiece. Gender: Female Age: Kids Size: Child Size 12-14 Color: As Shown Historical Period: Antiquity

1-2-3 Tarot: Answers in an Instant $12.43 In this new approach to Tarot, a card’s complex significance is boiled down to three elements–identity, action, and result/quality–and then matched respectively with a subject, verb, and object to form a simple sentence. Tyson then teaches how to interpret the collective meaning within a variety of spreads.

1001 Illustrations That Connect $29.99 Every preacher, teacher, or writer knows the value of a good illustration in helping connect the truth of the passage with the congregation or class—and how hard it is to come up with good illustrations week after week.This book contains the cream of the crop: 1001 illustrations carefully selected from among thousands on Christianity Today International”s popular website PreachingToday.com. These illustrations are proven, memorable, and illuminating. As the saying goes, they will preach! And they”re fresh, all written within the past seven years.Of course the best illustrations are no good if you can”t find the right one. These illustrations have been arranged according to twelve master topics, each divided into several subtopics. Further, they”ve been indexed according both to Bible references and to 500 keywords. A searchable CD-ROM is included, allowing you to get the illustration into your lesson or sermon with ease.

1500+ Keywords for $100,000+ Jobs: Tools to Build Winning Resumes $141.02 Organized as a Key Word directory to major professions, this unique book includes rich examples of powerful nouns, verbs, and phrases that should appear on various sections of resumes and cover letters.

2-Sided Quadrille Pads, Ruled 10×10 Sq/Inc, 50 Sheets, Letter, White $6.24 UAR1240: Ampad 2-Sided Quadrille Pads Quadrille pad is printed on two sides in nonreproducible blue ink so you can align your figures, copy and create a graph-free presentation. Ideal for drafting, plotting and scale drawings. Lines won’t smudge or reproduce. 20 lb. white ledger paper in pad accepts porous inks better than lower grades of paper. Pad contains 50 sheets. Additional Specifications: -Color: White. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pad. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: AMPAD Corporation, Quadrille Pads, Planning, Grid, Graphing, Non-Repro, 2-Sided, Two Sided

202 Great Cover Letters $10.95 New techniques, formats, and keywords to make a cover letter stand out 202 Great Cover Letters delivers a treasure trove of fresh cover letter strategies and samples that will get you noticed, get you interviews, and get you hired. Bestselling author Michael Betrus presents 202 example cover letters that cover a wide variety of industries and situations, from cold contact and marketing letters to posting on job boards and follow-ups.

202 Great Cover Letters $7.22 New techniques, formats, and keywords to make a cover letter stand out “202 Great Cover Letters” delivers a treasure trove of fresh cover letter strategies and samples that will get you noticed, get you interviews, and get you hired. Bestselling author Michael Betrus presents 202 example cover letters that cover a wide variety of industries and situations, from cold contact and marketing letters to posting on job boards and follow-ups.

202 Great Resumes $9 202 Great Resumes Jay A. Block and Michael Betrus [Spine] Block Betrus 202 Great Resumes! [Back cover copy] Craft a top-notch resume that can compete in today’s market–and win the job of your dreams From the resume specialists who brought you the bestselling “101 Resumes and “101 More Resumes, 202 Great Resumesoffers a winning new approach to resume writing that will make you a top competitor in today’s job market. Full of unbeatable advice for every aspect of your job search, this comprehensive resume guide offers winning samples written by two veteran career-development experts. “202 Great Resumes gives you more of the tips, strategies, and real-world examples you need to successfully market yourself to employers. Organized by profession, you’ll find the perfect sample resume for almost any position in any industry. With reliable traditional formats and the newest cutting-edge styles, you’ll have more creative ways to grab the attention of employers than ever before. Whether you’ve been out of work for months or you’re just out of college, you’ll learn to write a resume that gets you noticed every time! Inside you’ll discover: Ways to research a company to uncover their needs How to get in the door, to network, and get yourself exposed to the hiring managers Methods to articulate your value to hiring managers and spin the right message for the people you meet Thousands of keywords to help you write Street-smart tips to help you job-search, negotiate your salary, work through the Internet, interview, and much more With expert advice on: Getting Started Cover letters Electronic resumes Networking Working with recruiters Acing the interview Solutions-basedresumes Jay A. Block is an internationally certified career coach and resume strategist. Michael Betrus is a hiring manager in the telecommunications industry. Block and Betrus are also the authors of the bestselling resume guides “101 Best Resumes, 101 More Best Resumes, “101 Cover Letters, and “Great Answers!

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3-Shelf Utility Cart, 36 x16 x31 , Beige (CMC5810BE) $138.68 GXU1015: Continental Light Duty 3-Shelf Utility Cart Three-shelf cart features a seamless construction for easy cleaning. Use for industrial, food service, and more. Cart holds up to 200 lb. and rolls easily on 4 heavy-duty, nonmarking gray casters. Additional Specifications: -Color: Sandalwood. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Each. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. -This item is NOT Returnable. Product Keywords: Continental Mfg. Co., Multipurpose, Multi Purpose Carts, Utility Trucks, Structo, Three-Shelf, 3-Shelf

3-Slant Shelf Cart, 27 x14 x43 , Anthracite $244.72 BR2599: Bretford Single-sided Utility Cart Single-sided utility cart features three slanted shelves and antimicrobial surface protection to inhibit the growth of mold, mildew and fungus for a cleaner surface. Extra deep 12 shelves are ideal for transporting and storing big books, binders, medical or legal files, boxes, and more. The antimicrobial powder-coat finish will not wash off and is effective for the useful life of the product. Design includes easy-to-grip rounded handles, end panels with stylish perforations and 4 casters, two locking. Casters are rated at 115 lb. each. Durable all-steel shelves are arc-welded in place for maximum strength. Utility truck is more than 95 percent recyclable. Additional Specifications: -Color: Anthracite. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Each. -Total Recycled Content: 30%. Product Keywords: Bretford Manufacturing Inc, Multipurpose, Multi Purpose Carts, Single-sided Utility Cart Single Sided

360 of Reading: A Literature Guide for the College Bound Volume I $20.48 What do Richard Dawkins, Jackie Robinson, and St Teresa have in common? .They all can be found in this book! 360 of Reading is a literature reference guide for high school students. It makes a great stocking stuffer at Christmas, or ‘end of school year’ gift for that special student. Any student who wants to read great literature will benefit from this book. It has reference pages for 360 books that cover novels, drama, poetry, and a broad range of non-fiction. Each reference page includes bibliographic information, a descriptive note, keywords and more. Furthermore, the books are indexed by author, country of origin, date of first publication, and keywords. It also has an appendix listing an additional forty titles. Twenty-four books by Pulitzer Prize winners and twenty-six books by Nobel Prize in Literature winners are among the works listed in this reference guide.

3M Write-On Overhead Transparency Film – Letter – 8.5 x 11 – 100 / Box – Clear $46.41 3M is fundamentally a science-based company. We produce thousands of imaginative products and we re a leader in scores of markets – from health care and highway safety to office products and abrasives and adhesives. Our success begins with our ability to apply our technologies – often in combination – to an endless array of real-world customer needs. Of course all of this is made possible by the people of 3M and their singular commitment to make life easier and better for people around the world.. Write or draw directly on film using transparency or china markers. Ideal for last-minute visuals. Create and present crisp charts and graphs. 100 Sheets per Box 3M Audio Visual AV Overhead Projectors and Supplies Recycled Products Transparency Transparency Film Transparency Film amp; Frames Transparency Film Frames Protectors Write-On Transparency Film Overhead Projectors Spatial Light Modulator Lectures Classrooms Teachers. Color: Clear. Coupon Cannon: 03-13-09. Page Number: 1362 Keywords. Dimensions: 8-1/2 quot; W x 11 quot; H.

4-Drawer Lateral File W/Lock,30 x19-1/4 x53-1/4 , Light Gray $417.95 BYX2470: Basyx 400 Series Lateral Files w/Lock Deep lateral file efficiently maximizes floor space and is designed for light-duty use. Each drawer accommodates letter-size or legal-size files from front-to-back or side-to-side. Locking drawers feature ball-bearing slide suspension. Mechanical interlock allows only one drawer to open at a time. Lateral file is certified by SCS to be in compliance with specific indoor air quality emission requirements and meets or exceeds applicable ANSI/BIFMA standards. Additional Specifications: -Color: Putty. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Each. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Basyx, Furniture, Files, Lateral File Cabinets, Filing Supplies, 2-Drawers, 4-Drawers, Two, Four

A Brass Hat in No Man’s Land $65.43 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7 PROLOGUE II I. 1914 15 II. MOULDING THE MACHINE 42 III. FIRST ENTRY 53 IV. THE ACID TEST 88 V. REBUILDING AFTER BATTLE 113 VI. NEW MEN – OLD METHODS 131 VII. THE WELCH EPIC 176 VIIL THE STONE WALL 191 IX. THE PRICE OF POLITICS 198 X. THE BOYS OF THE OLD BRIGADE 213 XI. AFTER THE STORM 231 EPILOGUE 247 Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. Hesperides Press are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.Keywords: 1900s Artwork

A Doll’s House $64.41 Plays By Henrik Ibsen. Includes A Doll”s House, The Wild Duck and The Lady From The Sea. Keywords: Wild Duck Lady From The Sea

ActionScript for Flash MX $9.95 The ActionScript for Flash MX Pocket Reference provides a complete summary of ActionScript, Flash MX’s object-oriented programming language, covering the core objects’ and classes’ methods and properties. Also covered are ActionScript’s global properties, global functions, operators, statements, keywords, and directives. This compact book also includes an excellent summary of ActionScript syntax and best practices, covering datatypes, variables, loops, conditionals, identifiers, event handling, and object-oriented programming in short order. For programmers coming from other languages, it offers a quick orientation to the most common Flash elements and operations including Movie Clips, loading and drawing graphics, text manipulation, data transfers, and XML parsing.

Addison-Wesley’s C++ Backpack Reference Guide $12.95 This book provides a quick reference to C++”s most frequently used keywords and libraries. It is clear and easy-to-use, integrating syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. This inexpensive reference provides a lot of information for the introductory and intermediate programming student or someone who just wants the specifics of C++ in one handy place.

Addison-Wesley’s C++ Backpack Reference Guide $8.34 This book provides a quick reference to C++’s most frequently used keywords and libraries. It is clear and easy-to-use, integrating syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. This inexpensive reference provides a lot of information for the introductory and intermediate programming student or someone who just wants the specifics of C++ in one handy place.

Addison-Wesley’s Java Backpack Reference Guide $12.95 A quick reference to Java”s most frequently used keywords and APIs. Provides information for someone who just wants the specifics of Java. Integrates syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. For a reader who wants a reference and specifics of Java in one handy place.

Addison-Wesley’s Java Backpack Reference Guide $8.34 A quick reference to Java’s most frequently used keywords and APIs. Provides information for someone who just wants the specifics of Java. Integrates syntax examples, keyword descriptions, and programming tips in a way that will make it the must-have reference. For a reader who wants a reference and specifics of Java in one handy place.

Adult Brief, Extra Extra Large, 12/PK, Green $14.8 MLN1390: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Extra Large, 15/PK, Beige $15.17 MLN1389: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Large, 20/PK, Blue $15.3 MLN1386: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Medium, 16/PK, Purple $15.17 MLN1387: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

Adult Brief, Medium, 18/PK, White $15.3 MLN1388: Medline Ind. Ultra-Soft Bladder Control Briefs Ultra-Soft Plus Briefs offer a discreet design with less bulk than conventional briefs. Clothlike outer cover is comfortable against the skin, helping to prevent irritation and rashes. Soft polyethylene back cover protects clothing from leakage. Skin-safe grab anywhere closure system reduces waste and promotes skin health. Velvet-soft breathable side panels deliver increased airflow and comfort. Ultra-absorbent core keeps moisture away from the skin. Briefs also offer flexible leg gathers and a contoured shape for maximum protection. Additional Specifications: -Color: Blue. -Quantity per Selling Unit: 1 Pack. -Total Recycled Content: 0%. Product Keywords: Medline Industries, INC., Bladder Control, Ultra-soft Ultra Soft Briefs Extra Large Regular Medium

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